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P511 Short-term real-world effectiveness and safety of granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis (GMA) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: GRACE Study

I Rodríguez-Lago, D Ginard, R J Díaz Molina, M Vicuña, E Domenech, M Abanades, O Moralejo Lozano, G Bastida, A D Sánchez Capilla, E Iglesias, F Rancel-Medina, M D M Blasco, M Bosca-Watts, M Calvo Iñiguez, C Herrera deGuisé, E Leo, A Viejo Almanzor, V Hernández Ramirez, C Suárez Ferrer, L Quilez Pérez, M Muñoz, F Fernández Pérez, J M Huguet, P Fradejas, C López Ramos, A M Fuentes Coronel, C Reygosa Castro, N Rull Murillo, P Zapico, J L Cabriada
Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, Volume 18, Issue Supplement_1, January 2024, Page i1011, doi.org=10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad212.0641

Background
The clinical efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis (GMA) with Adacolumn in patients (pts) with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been reported in several clinical trials (CT), with significant clinical remission rates. However, evidence on real-world effectiveness of GMA with Adacolumn in ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD) patients who were underrepresented in CT is still limited.

Methods
GRACE is a multicentric, prospective observational study conducted at 31 centres in Spain. The study included adults (≥18 years) diagnosed with UC or CD who had been scheduled to receive GMA with Adacolumn in clinical practice. The study consisted of a baseline (GMA initiation) and 3 follow-up visits at 4, 24, and 48 weeks after the last GMA session. The primary endpoint is the steroid-free remission rate at 24 weeks. This interim analysis is focused on clinical characterization of patients and their management and outcome 4 weeks after GMA treatment.

Results
A total of 95 evaluable patients were included at data cut-off date (25 Sept 2023) (median age: 54 years; 50% men: 81% outpatients). Overall, 89.4% (n=84) of patients had UC, being moderate-to-severe in 85.5%; 57,8% had pancolitis, and the median Mayo score was 5 (interquartile range [IQR], 3-6). Out of the 10 patients (10.6%) with CD, all had B1, and 3 patients had L1, 4 L2 and 3 L3. Overall, 17% had extraintestinal manifestations. Regarding IBD-related therapy, 52.6% of patients had previously received anti-TNF agents, 37.9% thiopurines, and 17.8% JAK inhibitors. Overall, 85.3% of patients received concomitant treatment with GMA, most commonly 5-ASA (60%), corticosteroids (51,6%), ustekinumab (20%), vedolizumab (17.9%), and anti-TNF therapy (11.6%). A total of 71 patients reached the 4-week visit after receiving a median of 10 (IQR, 8-10) GMA sessions (weekly: 26.3%, biweekly: 36.8%, and weekly/biweekly: 31.6%). At week 4, clinical remission was achieved by 50.7% of patients (UC: 49.2%; CD: 66.7%), being 50% and 53.3% in patients concomitantly treated with ustekinumab and vedolizumab. Steroid-free remission rate was 26.1% (UC: 22.2%; CD: 66.7%) at week 4. Overall, 11,2% of patients experienced AEs related to GMA, most of them being mild (73%) or moderate (22.4%). Most common AEs were headache and asthenia. No SAEs were observed.

Conclusion
Preliminary data at 4 weeks show that Adacolumn is a safe and effective treatment in a cohort of IBD refractory patients with previous failure to multiple therapies including thiopurines, biologics and JAK inhibitors. Half of patients were concomitantly treated with biologics, and their clinical remission rate was similar to the overall population. Long-term results of this study (48 weeks) are required to confirm these findings.

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P996 Clinical Efficacy and Predictive Factors for the Effectiveness of Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorption Apheresis Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis:A Retrospective Observational Single Center Study

F Kenta, S Kensuke, T Shun, W Ryosuke, N Yusuke, Y Ren, S Kentaro, S Itsuki, O Hisashi, M Takuto
Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, Volume 18, Issue Supplement_1, January 2024, Page i1807, doi.org=10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad212.1126

Background
Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorption Apheresis (GMA) is one of the valuable non-immunosuppressive therapies in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). However, due to the limited number of facilities where GMA can be performed, there are few reports on the combined effects of GMA and prednisolone (PSL), the frequency of GMA implementation or predictive factors for the effectiveness. In this study, we examined the combined effect of GMA and PSL as a remission induction therapy, the frequency of GMA and predictive factors.

Methods
A retrospective observational study was conducted at Kushiro Rosai Hospital. We analyzed clinical data from UC patients who underwent GMA from February 2015 to May 2023.

Results
The study included 54 patients (30 males and 24 females), with a median age of 48 years and a median disease duration of 2 years. The median Lichtiger-CAI (L-CAI) was 8. There were 43 patients of pancolitis. There were 51 biologics-naïve patients and 3 biologics-experienced patients. Concomitant medications included 5-ASA agents in 21 patients, immunomodulators in 7 patients, and PSL in 31 patients. The median CRP was 1.19 mg/dl and the median albumin was 3.5 g/dl. Adverse events were observed in 3 patients (fatigue, dizziness, palpitations). The median number of GMA sessions was 10, with 33 patients undergoing twice weekly and 9 patients three times weekly. The clinical remission rate was 80% (43/54), and the clinical response rate was 89% (48/54), with a significant improvement in the median L-CAI from 8 to 3 before and after GMA (P<0.001). In the comparison between the PSL concomitant group and the non-PSL group, the clinical remission rate was 83.9% (26/31) in PSL group and 73.9% (17/23) in non-PSLgroup (P=0.369). The clinical response rate was significantly higher in the PSL group (87% (27/31)) than in non-PSL group (52.2% (12/23)) (P=0.004). There was no significant difference in the clinical remission/response rate between the group that underwent GMA twice a week (76.9% (30/39)/84.6% (33/39)) and three times a week (77.8% (7/9)/77.8% (7/9)). In univariate analysis, biologics-naïve was extracted as a contributing factor to clinical remission. The cumulative remission rate at 52 weeks was 72% overall. There was no significant difference in the cumulative remission rate between the PSL group (76.8%) and the non-PSL group (67.6%) (P=0.524). There was also no significant difference between the twice-weekly group (75%) and the three-times-weekly group (57.1%) (P=0.236). Conclusion GMA for UC was found to be useful and safely performed as a remission induction therapy. Concomitant use of PSL increased the clinical response rate. The frequency of GMA showed that three times per week was as effective as two times per week.

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P582 Combination of granulocyte–monocyte apheresis and ustekinumab: multicentre and retrospective study

I Rodríguez-Lago, C Herrera-deGuise, M Boscá-Watts, C Rodríguez, E Leo, M Calvo, F Cañete, S Chacón, C Cuarán, A Elorza, E Guerra, E Iglesias, D Sánchez, M Barreiro-de Acosta, D Ginard, J L Cabriada Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, Volume 18, Issue Supplement_1, January 2024, Page i1135, doi.org=10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad212.0712

Background
Granulocyte–monocyte apheresis (GMA) selectively removes activated leukocytes and immune mediators, and it has shown to be safe and effective in treating ulcerative colitis (UC). Previous reports have also described its combination with biologics, mainly with anti-TNF.

Methods
The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of combining GMA after primary non-response (PNR) or loss of response (LOR) to ustekinumab (UST) in patients with UC. A retrospective, multicentric study was performed in 12 IBD Units, including all patients with refractory UC who received combined GMA plus UST. The number of GMA sessions, its frequency, filtered blood volume and time of each session were compiled, along with the clinical data. Efficacy was assessed 1 and 6 months after finishing the GMA by partial Mayo score, CRP and faecal calprotectin. Data regarding UST intensification, need for new immunomodulators/biologics and surgery were also compiled. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were used in the statistical analysis.

Results
Nineteen patients were included (15 UC, 2 Crohn’s disease, 2 unclassified IBD; median age 48 years (IQR, 36-63); 68% male). At baseline, 78% were receiving steroids and 23% immunomodulators. Most patients (89%) had prior exposure to anti-TNF agents and 53% to vedolizumab. Baseline Mayo score was 6.5 (IQR, 5-7), with a median CRP of 9 mg/L (IQR, 4.8-20.8) and faecal calprotectin 1,612 mg/kg (IQR, 873-4,152). GMA was started mostly after PNR in 83%, the median number of GMA sessions was 16 (IQR, 11-27) and 50% of patients started maintenance GMA. Partial Mayo score significantly decreased 6 months after the last GMA session (p=0.019). During follow-up, 27% started a new biologic therapy and 13% required surgery. 64% of patients under steroids at baseline were able to stop them. Adverse events were reported in 5% of patients.

Conclusion
GMA can safely recapture the response to UST in refractory patients after PNR or LOR to this drug.

Scientific corner

Combination of granulocyte-monocyte apheresis and tofacitinib: Multicentre and retrospective study

Iago Rodríguez-Lago 1, Fiorella Cañete 2, Elena Guerra-Del-Río 3, Claudia Herrera-deGuise 4, Eva Iglesias 5, Eduardo Leo 6, Yamile Zabana 7, Manuel Barreiro-de Acosta 8, Daniel Ginard 9, José Luis Cabriada 10
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 Jan 23:S0210-5705(24)00022-0. doi: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2024.01.004. Online ahead of print.
[Article in English, Spanish]

Objective: Granulocyte-monocyte apheresis (GMA) has shown to be safe and effective in treating ulcerative colitis (UC), also in combination with biologics. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combining GMA after primary non-response (PNR) or loss of response (LOR) to tofacitinib (TOFA) in patients with UC.

Patients and methods: Retrospective study including all patients with refractory UC who received GMA plus TOFA. Efficacy was assessed 1 and 6 months after finishing GMA by partial Mayo score, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fecal calprotectin (FC). Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were used in the statistical analysis.

Results: Twelve patients were included (median 46 years [IQR, 37-58]; 67% female; 67% E3). Patients were mostly receiving TOFA 10mg bid (75%), and 33% also concomitant steroids at baseline. Median partial Mayo score at baseline was 7 (IQR, 5-7), and it decreased to a median of 2 (IQR, 0-3) and 0 (IQR, 0-3) after 1 and 6 months (p=0.027 and 0.020, respectively), while no differences were found in CRP and FC. Clinical remission was achieved by 6 patients both at 1 (50%) and 6 months (67%). CF values<250mg/kg were achieved by 2 and 4 patients at 1 and 6 months (data available in 5 and 7 patients, respectively). No patient required dose-escalation of TOFA, and one patient was able to de-escalate the drug. No patient required colectomy and all patients under steroids were able to stop them. Conclusion: The combination of GMA and TOFA can be effective in selected cases of UC after PNR or LOR to this drug

Scientific corner

A retrospective study to investigate the efficacy and safety of granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis with ulcerative colitis

Shun Murasugi, Maria Yonezawa, Teppei Omori, Shinichi Nakamura, Katsutoshi Tokushige . J Clin Apher. 2024; 39(1):e22099. doi:10.1002/jca.22099

Background and Aims
Primary sclerosing cholangitis has a poor prognosis and can be accompanied by ulcerative colitis. Infection control is essential, so immunosuppressive drugs should ideally be preferably. Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis does not suppress the immune system and is used to treat ulcerative colitis. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy and safety of granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis.

Methods
We retrospectively evaluated data from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis with ulcerative colitis who visited our hospital from April 2000 to December 2022 and underwent granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis (n = 10, number of treatment cycles = 15). Study endpoints were remission induction rate and safety, assessed as changes in liver functions and adverse events.

Results
Seven of the 10 patients were male. The median (min-max) age was 23 (18-77) years. The most common disease type was right-dominant pancolitis. Remission occurred after 86.6% of cycles (13/15). Serum alkaline phosphatase and Aspartate transaminase were significantly lower after treatment (P = .0124, P = .002), and no negative effects on liver function were seen. The only adverse events were headache (n = 1) and decreased blood pressure (n = 1).

Conclusions
Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis has high efficacy for intestinal lesions and improves alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase levels (high levels are a poor prognosis factor). It appears to be a treatment option in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with ulcerative colitis.

Scientific corner

Real-world effectiveness and safety of advanced therapies for the treatment of moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis (UC): evidence from a systematic literature review (SLR)

Makoto Naganuma 1Taku Kobayashi 2Reiko Kunisaki 3Katsuyoshi Matsuoka 4Shojiro Yamamoto 5Ami Kawamoto 6Daisuke Saito 7Kosaku Nanki 8Kazuyuki Narimatsu 9Hisashi Shiga 10Motohiro Esaki 11Shinichiro Yoshioka 12Shingo Kato 13Masayuki Saruta 14Shinji Tanaka 15Eriko Yasutomi 16Kaoru Yokoyama 17Kei Moriya 18Yoshikazu Tsuzuki 19Makoto Ooi 20Mikihiro Fujiya 21Atsushi Nakazawa 22Takayuki Abe 23Tadakazu Hisamatsu 6Japanese UC Study Group J Gastroenterol. 2023 Dec;58(12):1198-1210. doi: 10.1007/s00535-023-02048-w. 

Background: This multicenter observational cohort study aimed to evaluate the utilization and short-term efficacy of advanced therapy (AT) in hospitalized patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC).

Methods: In total, 221 patients with ASUC were enrolled between August 2020 and July 2021. The primary endpoint was clinical remission (CR, defined as a patient-reported outcome score < 2 with no blood in the stool) rate on Day 7 and 14 in hospitalized patients who received corticosteroids (CS) and AT.

Results: Among patients with ASUC, 120 and 101 patients received CS or any AT as first-line treatment, respectively. The CR rates on Day 7 and 14 were 22.5% and 35.0%, respectively, in hospitalized patients who received CS as first-line treatment. Most patients who used ATs had CS-dependent or frequent recurrences. Eight different ATs (apheresis, tacrolimus, infliximab, golimumab, tofacitinib, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and cyclosporine) were used as first-line treatment in patients with ASUC, and the CR rates on Day 7 and 14 were 16.8% and 29.7%, respectively. Twenty-five patients received the second ATs after hospitalizations, and the CR rates on Day 7 and 14 were 0% and 12%, respectively. The CR rates on Day 14 were significantly higher in patients who changed to AT than in those whose dose of CS increased (34.0% vs 10.7%, p = 0.020) among patients who had already used CS before hospitalization.

Conclusion: Most first-use ATs were effective for patients with ASUC, while second-use ATs might have had limited benefits in inducing CR. These findings may contribute to considerations for the management of hospitalized patients.

Real-world efficacy and safety of advanced therapies in hospitalized patients with ulcerative colitis – PubMed (nih.gov)

Real-world efficacy and safety of advanced therapies in hospitalized patients with ulcerative colitis | Journal of Gastroenterology (springer.com)

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Severe and refractory gastrointestinal toxicity due to immune checkpoint inhibitors: clinical experience in a tertiary referral hospital

Elena Céspedes Martínez, Virginia Robles Alonso, Claudia Herrera-De Guise, Luis Mayorga, Francesc Casellas, María Roca-Herrera, Natalia Borruel, Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2023;115(10):567-573

Introduction: immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are increasingly used to treat several types of cancer. These drugs lead to a wide range of toxicities. Immune-related gastrointestinal adverse events are common and potentially severe. In this manuscript, we recount the real clinical experience in a tertiary center. Methods: a retrospective and observational study was conducted in adult patients under ICI treatment. Included patients had been referred to the Gastrointestinal Service of Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron for evaluation of severe toxicities, from January 2017 to January 2020, for whom the clinical, epidemiological and evolutive data were collected. Results: a total of 18 patients were included. Fifty-five percent received anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (anti PD-L1), 11 % received anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and 33 % received both treatments. The toxicities were manifested as enterocolitis, microscopic colitis and gastritis. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed in seven patients; all were proved to have histological changes on duodenum biopsies. Treatment was stopped in all patients and steroids were initiated. Sixty-six per cent achieved clinical remission with steroids. Five patients received anti-TNF treatment (infliximab). Only one of the five had responded. Two anti-TNF refractory patients received ustekinumab, with an appropriate clinical response. One patient received apheresis granulocyte as concomitant treatment. A patient with a steroid-dependent course started vedolizumab. Three patients had other immune-related adverse events. Conclusion: gastrointestinal immune-related adverse events are acquiring a higher profile in daily practice and gastroenterologists play an even greater role in the management of these patients.

Severe and refractory gastrointestinal toxicity due to immune checkpoint inhibitors: clinical experience in a tertiary referral hospital – PubMed (nih.gov)

REED – Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas

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The clinical efficacy and safety of granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis in patients with Crohn’s disease: A multicenter retrospective cohort study

Nobuhiro Ueno Seisuke Saito Masahiro Sato Yuya Sugiyama doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3037827/v1

Background: A remission induction therapy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis (GMA) with Adacolumn was given to patients with active Crohn’s disease (CD). However, establishing an appropriate treatment strategy for GMA in patients with active CD remains unclear. Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study encompassed patients with CD who underwent GMA in seven independent institutions in Japan from January 2010 to March 2023. All clinical data were obtained from medical records. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and subsequent clinical progression after GMA in patients with CD. Result: This study enrolled 173 patients with active inflammatory bowel disease who underwent GMA with Adacolumn, and among them, 16 patients with CD with mild to moderate disease activity were analyzed. Concomitant medication, including steroids, immunomodulators, and biologics, was used in 93.7% of all cases. The overall remission and response rates were 25.0% and 68.8%, respectively. The response rate between groups concerning the frequency and total GMA sessions revealed no significant difference. Six (37.5%) patients experienced adverse events (AEs). All AEs were related to the trouble in blood access and recovered soon without any sequelae. Regarding the factors associated with response to GMA, the responder group had a significantly longer disease duration (336 vs 44 months, p = 0.036) and exhibited a relatively lower rate of intestinal strictures and a median score of a simple endoscopic score for CD (SES-CD) (9.1 vs 60 %, p = 0.063 and 10 vs 21.5, p = 0.091, respectively). Further, all patients responding to GMA received biologics that were continuously used before and after GMA. Furthermore, 36.4% of patients remained on the same biologics 52 weeks after GMA. Notably, all patients who continued the same biologics had previously experienced a loss of response to anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agent. Conclusion: Therefore, GMA may exhibit heightened effectiveness in patients with moderately active CD without severe endoscopic activity. Moreover, it represents a potential novel therapeutic option for refractory CD, particularly with insufficient response to biologics.

(PDF) The clinical efficacy and safety of granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis in patients with Crohn’s disease: A multicenter retrospective cohort study (researchgate.net)

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Induction Therapy With a Combination of Weekly Adalimumab Plus Intensive Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorptive Apheresis in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis and Failure of Conventional Agents, Biologics and Janus Kinase Inhibitor

Satoshi Tanida 1 2Keiji Ozeki 3Takahito Katano 3Mamoru Tanaka 3Takaya Shimura 3Eiji Kubota 3Hiromi Kataoka 3Takuya Takahama 2Shun Sasoh 2Yoshimasa Kubota 2Tesshin Ban 2Tomoaki Ando 2Makoto Nakamura 2Takashi Joh 2J Clin Med Res. 2023 Mar;15(3):181-186. doi: 10.14740/jocmr4887

Every-week (ew) adalimumab (ADA) maintenance following induction therapy with a standard induction regimen has recently been approved for use in Japan. The efficacy and safety of combination therapy with ew-ADA maintenance following standard induction regimen plus intensive granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis (GMA) (two sessions/week) for the treatment of refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) displaying failure of conventional, biologics and Janus kinase inhibitor have not been evaluated previously. The present retrospective study evaluated the 10-week efficacy of this combination therapy among refractory UC patients. Six patients were given initial ADA combination therapy (ADA at 160 mg in week 0, ADA 80 mg in week 2, and 40 mg in week 4, followed by ew-ADA at 40 mg/week) plus intensive GMA. One patient (16.6%) achieved clinical remission and two patients (33.3%) achieved endoscopic improvement by week 10. After excluding two patients who discontinued treatment, mean full Mayo score (P = 0.14), endoscopic subscore (P = 0.18) and C-reactive protein level (P = 0.27) at 10 weeks were numerically decreased compared with baseline in the remaining four cases, although the differences were not significant. Use of ew-ADA maintenance following standard induction regimen plus intensive GMA appears unlikely to achieve satisfactory induction of clinical remission in UC patients for whom conventional agents, biologics and Janus kinase inhibitors have failed.

Induction Therapy With a Combination of Weekly Adalimumab Plus Intensive Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorptive Apheresis in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis and Failure of Conventional Agents, Biologics and Janus Kinase Inhibitor – PubMed (nih.gov)

Induction Therapy With a Combination of Weekly Adalimumab Plus Intensive Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorptive Apheresis in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis and Failure of Conventional Agents, Biologics and Janus Kinase Inhibitor – PMC (nih.gov)

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Concomitant pharmacologic medications influence the clinical outcomes of granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis in patients with ulcerative colitis: A multicenter retrospective cohort study

Nobuhiro Ueno 1Yuya Sugiyama 1Yu Kobayashi 1Yuki Murakami 1Takuya Iwama 2Takahiro Sasaki 1Takehito Kunogi 1Aki Sakatani 1Keitaro Takahashi 1Kazuyuki Tanaka 3Shinya Serikawa 4Katsuyoshi Ando 1Shin Kashima 1Momotaro Muto 5Yuhei Inaba 2Kentaro Moriichi 1Hiroki Tanabe 1Toshikatsu Okumura 1Mikihiro Fujiya

J Clin Apher.  2023 Jan 13. doi: 10.1002/jca.22040.

Background: Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis (GMA) with Adacolumn has been used as a remission induction therapy for patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC). Herein, we investigated the influence of concomitant medications in the remission induction of GMA in patients with active UC. Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included patients with UC underwent GMA in five independent institutions in Japan from January 2011 to July 2021. Factors including concomitant medications associated with clinical remission (CR) were analyzed statistically. Result: A total of 133 patients were included. Seventy-four patients achieved a CR after GMA. The multivariable analysis revealed that concomitant medication with 5-aminosalicylic acid, Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES), and concomitant medication with immunosuppressors (IMs) remained as predictors of CR after GMA. In the subgroup analysis in patients with MES of 2, concomitant medication with IMs was demonstrated as a significant negative factor of CR after GMA (P = .042, OR 0.354). Seventy-four patients who achieved CR after GMA were followed up for 52 weeks. In the multivariable analysis, the maintenance therapy with IMs was demonstrated as a significant positive factor of sustained CR up to 52 weeks (P = .038, OR 2.214). Furthermore, the rate of sustained CR in patients with biologics and IMs was significantly higher than that in patients with biologics only (P = .002). Conclusion: GMA was more effective for patients with active UC that relapsed under treatment without IMs. Furthermore, the addition of IMs should be considered in patients on maintenance therapy with biologics after GMA.

Concomitant pharmacologic medications influence the clinical outcomes of granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis in patients with ulcerative colitis: A multicenter retrospective cohort study – PubMed (nih.gov)

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